4 principal parts

Map Branches

• first things to know
  • 4 conjugations
    • 1st conjugation
      • -a: laudo
    • 2nd conjugation
      • -e: moveo
    • 3rd conjugation
      • -i/e: capio
    • 4th conjugation
      • -i: audio
  • 4 principal parts
    • moveo
      • first person sing. present active indicative
        • I move
    • movere
      • present active infinitive
        • to move
    • movi
      • first person sing. perfect active indicative
        • I moved
    • motus
      • perfect passive participle
        • (having been) moved
  • 5 properties
    • perseon
      • first person
      • second person
      • third person
    • number
      • singular
      • plural
    • tense
      • present system
        • present
        • imperfect
        • future
      • perfect system
        • perfect
        • pluperfect
        • future perfect
    • mood
      • indicative
      • imperative
      • subjunctive
    • voice
      • active
      • passive
• Indicative Mood (factual)
  • Presen System
    • For 1st and 2nd Conjugations
      • passive system
        • present
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • vocor vocāris vocātur vocāmur vocāminī vocantur
                • I am called you are called he, she, it is called we are call you are called they are called
        • imperfect
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add infix -ba- for imperfect indicative
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • vocābar vocābāris vocābātur vocābāmur vocābāminī vocābantur
                • I was being called you were being called he, she, it was being called we were being called you were being called they were being called
        • future
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add infix -bi- for future indicative
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • vocabor vocaberis vocabitur vocabimur vocabiminī vocabuntur
                • I shall call you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call
    • For 3rd and 4th Conjugations
      • active system
        • present
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem vowels as follows
              • 3rd: -e -i
              • 3rd i-stem: -e -i
              • 4th: -i stays as is
            • add present active endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • regō regis regit regimus regitis regunt
                • I rule you rule he, she, it rules we rule you rule they rule
        • imperfect
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem vowels as follows
              • 3rd: -e -e
              • 3rd i-stem: -e -ie
              • 4th: -i -ie
            • add infix -ba- for imperfect indicative
            • add present active endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • capiebam capiebas capiebat capiebamus capiebatis capiebant
                • I was taking you were taking he, she, it was taking we were taking you were taking they were taking
        • future
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem vowels as follows
              • 3rd: -e -e
              • 3rd i-stem: -e -ie
              • 4th: -i -ie
            • add present active endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • audiam audies audiet audiemus audietis audient
                • I shall listen you will listen he, she, it will listen we will listen you will listen they will listen
      • passive system
        • present
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem vowels as follows
              • 3rd: -e -i
              • 3rd i-stem: -e -i
              • 4th: -i stays as is
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • regor regeris regitur regimur regiminī reguntur
                • I am ruled you are ruled he, she, it is ruled we are ruled you are ruled they are ruled
        • imperfect
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem vowels as follows
              • 3rd: -e -ie
              • 3rd i-stem: -e -ie
              • 4th: -i -ie
            • add infix -ba- for imperfect indicative
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • vocabar vocabaris vocabatur vocabamur vocabaminī vocabantur
                • I was being called you were being called he, she, it was being called we were being called you were being called they were being called
        • future
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add infix -bi- for future indicative
            • add passive endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - minī - ntur
              • vocabor vocaberis vocabitur vocabimur vocabiminī vocabuntur
                • I shall call you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call
  • Perfect System
    • For All Conjugations
      • active system of all verbs
        • perfect
          • form
            • take the perfect active stem
              • removing the ending -i from the third principal
            • add perfect active personal endings
          • endings
            • - i - isti - it - imus - istis - eru or -ere
              • rexi rexisti rexit reximus rexistis rexerunt/rexere
                • I ruled; I have ruled you ruled; you have ruled he, she, it ruled; he, she, it has ruled we ruled; we have ruled you ruled; you have ruled they ruled; they have ruled
        • pluperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect active stem
              • removing the ending -i from the third principal
            • add infix -era- for pluperfect indicative
            • add present active endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • rexeram rexeras rexerat rexeramus rexeratis rexerant
                • I had ruled you had ruled he, she, it had ruled we had ruled you had ruled they had ruled
        • futureperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect active stem
              • removing the ending -i from the third principal
            • add infix -eri- for pluperfect indicative
            • add present active endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • rexerim rexeris rexerit rexerimus rexeritis rexerint
                • I shall have ruled you will have ruled he, she, it will have ruled we shall have ruled you will have ruled they will have ruled
      • passive system of all verbs
        • perfect
          • form
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • add as a separate word the present tense of sum
            • subject determines the gender and number
          • endings
            • sum es est sumus estis sunt
              • rectus, -a, -um sum rectus, -a, -um es rectus, -a, -um est rectus, -a, -um sumus rectus, -a, -um estis rectus, -a, -um sunt
                • I was ruled; I have been ruled you were ruled; you have been ruled he, she, it was ruled; he, she, it has been ruled we were ruled; we have been ruled you were ruled; you have been ruled they were ruled; they have been ruled
        • pluperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • add as a separate word the impefect tense of sum
          • endings
            • eram eras erat eramus eratis erant
              • rectus, -a, -um eram rectus, -a, -um eras rectus, -a, -um erat rectus, -a, -um eramus rectus, -a, -um eratis rectus, -a, -um erant
                • I had been ruled you had been ruled he, she, it had been ruled we had been ruled you had been ruled they had been ruled
        • futureperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • add as a separate word the future tense of sum
          • endings
            • ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt
              • rectus, -a, -um ero rectus, -a, -um eris rectus, -a, -um erit rectus, -a, -um erimus rectus, -a, -um eritis rectus, -a, -um erunt
                • I shall have been ruled you will have been ruled he, she, it will have been ruled we shall have been ruled you will have been ruled they will have been ruled
• Imperative
  • all conjugations
    • present active
      • present
        • singular
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • no changes
              • vocā
                • summon
        • plural
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add -te
              • vocāte
                • summon (pl.)
    • present passive
      • present
        • singular
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add -re
              • vocāre
                • be summoned
        • plural
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • add -minī
              • vocāminī
                • be summoned (pl.)
• Subjunctive Mood (nonfactual)
  • Present System
    • For All Conjugations
      • active system
        • present
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem by replacing the stem vowels with the infixes
              • 1st: -ē-
              • 2nd: -eā-
              • 3rd: -ā-
              • 3rd i-stem: -iā-
              • 4th: -iā-
              • She wears a giant diamont
            • She wears a giant diamont
            • add active personal endings
          • endings
            • - o/m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • vocem vocēs vocet vocēmus vocētis vocent
                • moveam moveās moveat moveāmus moveātis moveant
                  • regam regās regat regāmus regātis regant
                    • capiam capiās capiat capiāmus capiātis capiant
                      • audiam audiās audiat audiāmus audiātis audiant
        • imperfect
          • form
            • take the present active infinitive
            • lengthen the final -e: (-e ē)
            • add active personal endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus regerētis regerent
      • passive system
        • present
          • form
            • take the present stem
            • change the stem by replacing the stem vowels with the infixes
              • 1st: -ē-
              • 2nd: -eā-
              • 3rd: -ā-
              • 3rd i-stem: -iā-
              • She wears a giant diamont
              • 4th: -iā-
            • add passive personal endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - mini - ntur
              • vocer vocēris vocētur vocēmur vocēmini vocentur
                • movear moveāris moveātur moveāmur moveāmini moveantur
                  • regar regāris regātur regāmur regāmini regantur
                    • capiar capiāris capiātur capiāmur capiāmini capiantur
                      • audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur audiāmini audiantur
        • imperfect
          • form
            • take the present active infinitive
            • lengthen the final -e: (-e ē)
            • add passive personal endings
          • endings
            • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - mini - ntur
              • regerer regerēris /-re regerētur regerēmur regerēmini regerentur
  • Perfect System
    • For All Conjugations
      • active system
        • perfect
          • form
            • take the perfect active stem
              • removing the ending -i from the third principal
            • add infix -eri-
            • add active personal endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • rēxerim rēxeris rēxerit rēxerimus rēxeritis rēxerint
        • pluperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect active stem
              • removing the ending -i from the third principal
            • add infix -issē- for pluperfect indicative
            • add active personal endings
          • endings
            • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
              • rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus rēxissētis rēxissent
      • passive system
        • perfect
          • form
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • add as a separate word the present subjuctive of sum
          • endings
            • sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint
              • rectus sim rectus sīs rectus sit rectus sīmus rectus sītis rectus sint
        • pluperfect
          • form
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • add as a separate word the imperfect subjuctive of sum
          • endings
            • essem essēs esset essēmus essētis essent
              • rectus essem rectus essēs rectus esset rectus essēmus rectus essētis rectus essent
• Infinitive
  • present active system
    • present
      • all conjugations
        • take the present infinitive
          • second principal part
        • endings
          • no endings
            • vocare
              • to call
      • syntex
        • complementary Infinitive
        • Object Infinitive
    • perfect
      • all conjugations
        • form
          • take the present stem
            • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
          • add infix -ba- for imperfect indicative
          • add present active endings
      • endings
        • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
          • vocabam vocabas vocabat vocabamus vocabatis vocabant
            • I was calling you were calling he, she, it was calling we were calling you were calling they were calling
    • future
      • all conjugations
        • form
          • take the present stem
            • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
          • add infix -bi- for future indicative
          • add present active endings
      • endings
        • - o, -m - s - t - mus - tis - nt
          • vocabo vocabis vocabit vocabimus vocabitis vocabunt
            • I shall call you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call
  • Present System Only
  • present passive system
    • present
      • form
        • 1st, 2nd, and 4th
          • take the present infinitive
            • second principal part
          • change final -e to -i
          • endings
            • no endings
              • vocārī
                • to be called
              • movērī
                • to be moved
              • audīrī
                • to be heard
        • 3rd and 3rd-i stem
          • take the present infinitive
            • second principal part
          • drop the finial -ere
          • endings
            • no endings
              • regī
                • to be ruled
              • capī
                • to be captured
    • imperfect
      • all conjugations
        • form
          • take the present stem
            • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
          • add infix -ba- for imperfect indicative
          • add passive endings
      • endings
        • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - mini - ntur
          • vocabar vocabaris vocabatur vocabamur vocabamini vocabantur
            • I was being called you were being called he, she, it was being called we were being called you were being called they were being called
    • future
      • all conjugations
        • form
          • take the present stem
            • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
          • add infix -bi- for future indicative
          • add passive endings
      • endings
        • - or, -r - ris /-re - tur - mur - mini - ntur
          • vocabor vocaberis vocabitur vocabimur vocabimini vocabuntur
            • I shall call you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call
• participle
  • Present System
    • active system
      • present
        • form
          • 1st and 2nd
            • take the present stem
              • second principal part
                • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
            • add -ns, -ntis
              • vocāns, vocantis
                • calling
              • movēns, moventis
                • moving
          • 3rd i-stem and 4th
            • take the present stem
              • second principal part
                • removing the ending -re from the second principal part
            • change the stem vowel to -īe
            • add -ns, -ntis
              • capiēns, capientis
                • capturing
              • audiēns, audientis
                • hearing
        • A present participle is a third-declension adjective with one nominative singular form for the masculine, feminine, and neuter
      • future
        • form
          • all conjugations
            • take the perfect passive participle
              • fourth principal part
            • drop the -us, -a, -um from 4th principal part
            • add -ūrus, -a, -um
              • vocātūrus, -a, -um
                • about to call, going to call
              • motūrus, -a, -um
                • about to move, going to move
              • captūrus, -a, -um
                • about to capture, going to capture
              • auditūrus, -a, -um
                • about to hear, going to hear
    • passive system
      • future
        • form
          • 1st and 2nd
            • take the present stem
              • second principal part
            • add -ndus, -a, -um
              • vocandus, -a, -um
                • having to be called, deserving to be called, about to be called
              • movendus, -a, -um
                • having to be moved, deserving to be moved, about to be moved
          • 3rd i-stem and 4th
            • take the present stem
              • second principal part
            • change the stem vowel to -īe
            • add -ndus, -a, -um
              • capiendus, -a, -um
                • having to be captured, deserving to be captured, about to be captured
              • audiendus, -a, -um
                • having to be heard , deserving to be heard, about to be heard
  • Perfect passiveparticiple
    • 4th principal parts
      • perfect passive participle
      • vocātus, -a, -um
        • having been called

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