Hyperinsulinemia and Type II Diabetes

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Insulin can cause insulin resistance. In the presence of insulin, GLUT4 receptors are reduced in number on cell surfaces. The increased glucose levels which result signal a need for increased insulin. This cycle is modified by increased physical exercise.

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Visceral adipose (vs. subcutaneous adipose) secretes proinflammatory substances (TNFa and IL-1 and 6). These substances disrupt insulin activity in fat and muscle cells, which aggravates IR.

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INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR)

Insulin resistance is a condition where normal levels of insulin do not produce a normal response in fat, muscle and liver cells.

IR in fat cells causes increased hydrolysis of stored triglycerides.
IR in muscle cells causes low glucose uptake, low glycogen storage.
IR in liver cells causes increased glucose production, low glycogen synthesis..

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METABOLIC SYNDROME
(AKA Syndrome X, Insulin Resistance)

Metabolic syndrome refers to a combination of disorders associated with an increased production of-- and/or decreased cellular response to -- insulin,. Because insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells, a dysfunction in the system will often result in an increase of serum glucose.

Due to the accumulation of sugar in tissues or its aberrant metabolism (with production of inflammatory and degenerative bi-product molecules), a number of serious chronic dysfunctions are more likely to develop.

These include:

Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
Type II diabetes
High blood pressure
Inflammation